提高班理工校区开课时间为9月3号周三晚6点半,9月1号到省科技馆308领取听课证和资料.

提高班山大校区开课时间为9月6号下午三点, 9月3号到山大附小旁学府招待所203领取听课证和资料.

   考研英语暑期课在山西大学游泳馆对面省司法学校,上课时间为7月14日到8月2日每天上午8点到11点半

暑期为基础强化班,所讲内容同春季班一样,讲解阅读翻译写作完型的基础知识和解题技能。医科大授课地点在医科大康乐街大门对面巷子里，护理学校

   考研英语暑期课在山西大学游泳馆对面省司法学校,上课时间为7月14日到8月2日每天上午8点到11点半

暑期为基础强化班,所讲内容同春季班一样,讲解阅读翻译写作完型的基础知识和解题技能。医科大授课地点在医科大康乐街大门对面巷子里，护理学校

平时练习作文,绝对不是让同学死般硬套.同时我在课堂上三番五次提醒同学注意我们课堂上讲过的任一作文,要求大家抄写三遍,英汉互译三遍,如果你能做到这些,你就能做到举一反三.

今次四级考试作文“娱乐活动对我们是否有用”有谁想起我们<解码考研>书上第三页 "学生课余活动调查"那个作文,或练习册上第一个练习题"学生没有时间放风筝游泳堆雪人"那个漫画作文吗?如果没有,请同学以后一定反思你的学习方法和对平时练习作文的态度。否则学不能以至用，学习效果就不明显。

虽然提纲不一样和出题形式不一样，但这三个作文为同一主题。但写作内容、用词、用句都几乎是现成的。

依然希望同学重视我们写过的每一个范文。

      我最近把四六级作文预测又做了修改,增加了一篇有关哲理解释的文章,由于这种文章最近几年没考过,所以我认为大家要小心,我针对这个题型提供了一个有关地震思考的范文,希望对大家有用.还要提醒大家,不要以为我们的预测会和考题一模一样,有可能背景相似,或题型相似,要灵活应用.

最后祝大家考试成功

翻译句型预测

       六级翻译部分其实是考查一些固定句型，下面是一些值得大家留意考查频繁的句型：

1 与其说 A 还不如说B （not so much A as B）

例如： 立即给人深刻印象的与其说是衣服还不如说是这个人本身。

What impresses me most isn’t so much the clothes as the man himself.

2 刚---就---（hardly---when）（no sooner---than----）

例如：我们刚出发，就开始下雨了。

We had hardly started when it began to rain.

Hardly had we started when it began to rain.

No sooner had we started than it began to rain.

We had no sooner started than it began to rain.

3 要不是因为，（but for, but that=if it had not been for或 if it were not for）

例如：她要不是摔断了腿，她就通过了考试

But for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam.

要不是他即使赶到,那男孩子可能被淹死了

But for his timely arrival, the boy would have been drowed.

4 某个时间之后才---（not--- until----, it is not until----that ----）

例如：午夜时分他们才看到了被冰雪覆盖的山峰

It was not until midnight that they sighted the snowcapped peak.

5 干---有意义（there is point in ----;there is good in----;there is use in-----）

干---无意义（there is no point in ----;there is no good in----;there is no use in-----）介词 in都可以省掉

例如：花那么多钱买武器毫无意义

There is no point in spending money on arms.

6 差一点就---（narrowly miss---或narrowly lose---）

例如：我赶到机场时已经迟到，差一点错过飞机

I arrived at the airport so late that I narrowly missed the plane.

7 正如---所以---(just as---so----)

例如 正如他们必须抛弃偏见,我们也必须准备接受他们的诚意

Just as they must put aside their prejudices, so we must be prepared to accept their good faith.

8 如果---就好了;但愿-----(if only----)

例如:但愿委员会能够支持这些条令并尽快让它们生效.

If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible

9 纵使----也----;即便----也----(even if)

例如:纵然你不喜欢古迹,Warrick Castle也值得一游.

Even if you dislike ancient monuments, Warrick Castle is worth a visit.

10 似乎,好象---(as if )

例如: 她盯着那个女孩好象从没见过似的.

She stared at the girl as if she had seen her for the first time.

11 和---同样都不---(not ---any more than)

例如:脂肪不能变成肌肉,同样肌肉也不能变成脂肪

Fat cannot change into muscle any more than muscle changes into fat.

08年6月六级作文预测

       写下“预测”二字其实我心理很是不安，我总以为这似乎有点江湖郎中的味道，不值得相信；或者像一个诸如”fortune-teller、 weather-forecaster”之流乱点鸳鸯，碰对的可能性不大。但看见同学急迫的样子，如果不做点什么又感到内心愧疚。进退两难之间，我只好祭出我的看家本领----理性分析。

分析近几年的六级真题，基本可以划分为如下五种题型：

一、分析原因型。

一般的提纲是给出一个现象、分析原因、发表你个人的看法。但这种作文可以是统计表也可是一个命题，但是二者只是换汤不换药，没有本质区别。例如06年12月六级真题提纲1现在国内不少人喜欢过西方的一些节日  2 产生这种现象的原因   3这种现象可能带来的影响；06年6月六级真题国外旅游

表格：1995　　2000　　2005    1万人　　近4万　12万以上   （这部分原题题是个坐标图，这里打不上去）                    

提纲：　　1、近十年来某城市越来越多人选择出去旅游 　　2、出现这种现象的原因 　　3、这种现象可能产生的影响

大家对比一下，这有什么两样吗？这种作文我在考研班上讲过，这里不做详细赘述。提醒大家看《解码考研》书上第3页的两个题。一个是学生作弊，一个是学生业余时间分配。这两个范文值得大家六级考前背诵。

二、应用文。

应用文在六级中考察的比例没有在四级中大，但确实隔三差五地在考。其实应用文写作方式同考研究中的小作文完全一样，只是字书要求不同而已，考研要求100个字左右，六级要求150个字左右。一般考察公开信函如 05年12月六级作文题目：　For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to a company declining a job offer. You should write at Least 150 words following the outline given below: 　　1.对公司提供职位表示感谢   　　2.解释为何不能接受所提供职位的原因  　　3.希望予以谅解，并表达对公司的良好祝愿。

但我认为今年一定要注意个人信函。而且可以关注：感谢信、安慰信,可能会合地震有关但不一定直接联系。下面是我出的几个预测范文希望对大家有用。

预测之一：你的同学liming的父母得知你家房屋在地震中倒塌，写信邀请你暑假随同liming 回家。你写一封回信1表示感谢2告知你的打算

Dear Aunt,

       I would like to thank you very much for your cordially invitation that I go together with Liming back to you home during the summer vacation. And it is very kind of you to have such consideration for my situation at the terrible period of my life. But I am afraid that I will not go to stay with you.

   It is true that my house collapsed during the earthquake. I have no place to live for the time being. But at the thought of thousands of homeless people, I am determined to make use of my vacation to be a volunteer in the distressed area. I hope I can comfort those who are more unfortunate than me, or I can temporarily teach primary school students, even I can use my body and strength to be a construction worker. Anyway, I will go there to see if I can be of assistance in whatever way.

       Please excuse me for not accepting your invitation.

Thank you again

                                     Wanxin.

预测之二：You an overseas Chinese student. When in American, you lived with Mr. Brown. You have just come home, but find a Dictionary left in his home. Write a letter to Mr. Brown, to ask him do you a favor by posting it to you. In you letter, you should include:

1] thank him for his help in American

2] ways to get back the dictionary

Dear Mr. Brown,

       Thank you very much for all the kindness I got from you during my stay. I ‘m now safely back home and ready to work as a teacher in Dongfang university. Hope everything is fine with you there.

       Now I wonder whether I could ask you a favor. When coming back, I suddenly realized that I had left my English dictionary behind at your place. It is a precious gift from my American teacher. Would you please be so kind as to send it back to me? It is up to me to pay for the postage.

       I still have a month to rest before work. It is very much appreciated that you come here for travel during this period, for I can act as your guide.

       By the way, the book may be on the bookshelf in the bedroom where I once lived. It is a red-covered one with my Chinese name on it.

       Thanks and all the best.

                                         Faithfully yours

                                         Liming

预测之三：You have got to know that your classmate, Michael, is organizing a weekend excursion for the class. And you are thinking of joining the trip. Write him a note.

1] express your interest in the excursion

2] ask for information on two details related to the excursion

3] some suggestions

Dear Michael,

       I heard you’ve got a good idea of a weekend excursion for the class. It is remarkable of you to be so devoted and considerate to our class. I definitely want to join you, especially after having been busy in my term paper for weeks.

       Marry told me that the event falls on May holiday. Have you come up with where we go and how? We have great expectation for it. But I would like to recommend Dongfang scenic spot, where we can have a picnic. By the way, should we prepare food ourselves? My suggestion is yes. Anyway, please let me know what happens as soon as possible. To better prepare, what if we get together some time this evening?

                         Faithfully Yours

                         Liming

预测之四：你的一位同学Amy在车祸中失去了右臂，你写信安慰。1表示安慰 2鼓励坚强3打算为他做什么。

Dear Amy,

      I am shocked and sorry to learn your present situation that you are so bitter after having you right arm lost in a traffic accident. Please accept my deepest sympathy.

      But I hope you can be strong. In the course of life, everybody is likely to run into difficulty. Some are defeated since, being a coward, while others see rainbows after rains and storms. You lost one arm, but you did not lose your all. I believe you can emerge from the adversity through your strong will-power. Still, you can be a useful person to the society if you stand up to face the reality.

      More important, you are not alone. Our classmates and your relatives are always out there for you. I will help you once you are in need. And I will write letters frequently and call you to give you courage.

      May you recover soon.

                                 Yours,

                                 Liming

    另外建议大家把解码书上的小作文认真看看。

三、哲理解释型

给出一句谚语或成语，要求你解释其现实意义。例如1997年1月CET作文题目四级作文题：

　　1. 怎样理解“熟能生巧”？ 　　2. 例如：在英语学习中...... 　　3. 又如......

　　Practice Makes Perfect

六级作文题：　　1. 为什么说“欲速则不达”      　　2. 试举例说明    　　

这种作文一般开头说明你对这句谚语的理解，最好结合现实，然后举例说明。

预测之五：(地震引发的思考)众人拾柴火焰高 1 如何理解众人拾柴火焰高 2 举例说明

All Contributing to it, the flame is high

“All Contributing to it, the flame is high” is an old proverb which almost everyone knows, but not all understand it so well. Actually, it means that there is strength in numbers. Put it simply, individual’s power and ability is too weak to perform a huge task. However, just as a number of streams converge into a vast ocean, so a team’s strength may be great enough to remove a mountain.

The saying also carries the message that cooperation and coordination are necessary, particularly in the modern society. To be sure, everybody has his own disadvantage and limited wisdom. Combining efforts can overcome this and make it possible to realize one’s own greatest potential. It is therefore that efficiency and capacity are enhanced in this manner. In the end, something can be achieved which seems otherwise impossible.

       The most notable example is Boeing plane production. A plane is composed of 10,000 parts. But almost every part is produced by different country, then assembled by American. This is impossible without coordination.

       Indeed, where there is a unity, where there is victory. 

 四、.现象影响型

这种作文一般给出一个现象，然后要求分析其影响或危害性。例如04年1月作文　Reduce Waste on Campus 　　1.有些大学校园浪费现象日益严重   　　2.浪费的危害   　　3.杜绝浪费, 从我做起 07年12月作文 Digital age 1 如今数字化产品得到越来越广泛使用，例如；2 数字化产品得使用对人的工作学习生活的影响。

这种作文的写法是现象原因型文章变体。一般第一段描述现象，描述手法可以模仿统计作文，自己想象一个图表，描述自己心中的图表，给出主题句后举例说明；第二分析其影响，第三你的看法，往往同二段观点一致。

给大家一个写作框架自己修改使用

第一部分

某些事件 spread among ever more students（或其他人）. In the year 1995, roughly one fourth of all said that they attempted to干这样的事  But in 2005, the figure jumped by 2 times. In fact, they break a record this year, reaching about 52%. It seems that the average increase rate keeps at over 3 percent every year. [参考统计数字作文描述，虽然这种作文用提纲给定一个现象，但这个现象就是主题句，其后的论据你自己编一些数据把它的规律表达出来就是描述]

第二部分

       What impact will on earth they have on everyday life?

Of the consequences, the most telling is that 后果。为什么会有这样的后果（阐述清楚一个后果即可，不必罗列不同后果，实在字数不够可以再写另一个方面的后果，可以从个人和社会两方面的后果考虑）

第三部分

如果不良现象第三部分这样写：The social disease is serious and its harm is not to be underestimated. To avoid greater threat, systematic and scientific measures are due. Meanwhile, it is everyone’s duty to----------.

如果好的社会现象第三部分这样写：There are every reason to hold that 现象will play a greater role in society. 再写为什么会起更大作用。On the part of me, I have also been influenced by 这个现象。

五、 观点对比型

这种作文是更为传统，一般提纲为 ：一些人认为---；另一些人认为---；你认为-----。例如 07年六月    1、  有人做好事期望得到回报；    2、  有人认为应该像雷锋那样做好事不图回报；    3、  我的观点。

近年来这种作文在六级中很少出现，四级中出现的比例更大一点。我给大家一个框架，如果考出来的话，大家适当修改利用：

观点对比范文框架

The thought of 正面观点is becoming dominant among the majority. They hold that 这个观点的好处是A。为什么有A这个好处。(阐述清楚这一个好处，不必罗列好处之一、之二等，大约共50个字)

A few people, however, warn against this point of view. Some scholars concludes that 反面观点is not to be ignored. Form their perspective, if 反面观点is to be neglected ,  chance are that  恶劣后果B。为什么会有B这个后果（阐述清楚这一个后果，不必罗列后果之一、之二等，大约共50个字）

On the part of me, I choose （自己选择）. I personally maintain that 这个观点的好处C。为什么有好处C（依然不必罗列，写出一个阐述清楚，大约50字）

预测之六：(地震后范跑跑引发的思考)

Reaction to dangers

有人认为在危难时刻应先保全自己

有人认为在危难时刻应先救别人

你在危难时刻如何做

The thought of “saving oneself first” is becoming dominant among the majority. They hold that their own lives are also precious. It is therefore that there is no need to sacrifice one life to exchange for another. Besides, to escape for life is human instinct so that folks are not to blame for runaway before dangers that threaten their own safety as well.

A few people, however, warn against this point of view. Some scholars conclude that “contributing love to others” is not to be ignored. Form their perspective, if such behaviors as standing without helping is not be accused,  chance are that the thought of “minding your own business” is spread widely and wildly. As a result, every body is likely to be self-centered.

 On the part of me, I will choose to help others when in danger. I hold that teamwork is stronger than individuals. If all combine efforts to deal with the adversity, then everybody can pull it through. Anyway, the society is a big family, one is not supposed to live alone.

根据进几年各种类型作文出现的频率和年代， 我认为今年六月份最有可能的是前两种分析原因和应用文；哲理解释多年没有考,所以也应关注,后两种现象影响和观点对比可能性不大。建议后两种各准备一个个性化的范文结构以防万一。

08年6月四级作文预测

       根据近几年考查的四种作文题型，我认为今年六月份最有可能的题型为应用文\观点对比\哲理解释,其中哲理解释和观点对比主要写作准备结构,考场上可以举一反三：

一、应用文。

应用文写作方式同考研究中的小作文完全一样，只是字书要求不同而已，考研要求100个字左右，四级要求120个字左右。一般考察公开信函如 05年1月四级作文题目：　

A Campaign Speech 　　1 你认为自己具备是什么条件（能力，性格，爱好）可以胜任学生会主席工作， 　　2 如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么？05年6月四级作文题目： 　Teacher’s day A、向老师致以节日的问候  　　B、回忆一件老师难忘的事情  　　C、我如何报答　06年6月四级作文题　An announcement for a voluntary program 　　1：校学生会组织一次暑假志愿活动，现招聘志愿者　　2：本次志愿者活动目的 内容及安排　　3：报名条件和联系方式

但我认为今年一定要注意个人信函。而且可以关注：感谢信、安慰信。下面是我出的几个预测范文希望对大家有用。

预测之一：你的同学liming的父母得知你家房屋在地震中倒塌，写信邀请你暑假随同liming 回家。你写一封回信1表示感谢2告知你的打算

Dear Aunt,

       I would like to thank you very much for your cordially invitation that I go together with Liming back to you home during the summer vacation. And it is very kind of you to have such consideration for my situation at the terrible period of my life. But I am afraid that I will not go to stay with you.

   It is true that my house collapsed during the earthquake. I have no place to live for the time being. But at the thought of thousands of homeless people, I am determined to make use of my vacation to be a volunteer in the distressed area. I hope I can comfort those who are more unfortunate than me, or I can temporarily teach primary school students, even I can use my body and strength to be a construction worker. Anyway, I will go there to see if I can be of assistance in whatever way.

       Please excuse me for not accepting your invitation.

Thank you again

                                     Wanxin.

预测之二：You an overseas Chinese student. When in American, you lived with Mr. Brown. You have just come home, but find a Dictionary left in his home. Write a letter to Mr. Brown, to ask him do you a favor by posting it to you. In you letter, you should include:

1] thank him for his help in American

2] ways to get back the dictionary

Dear Mr. Brown,

       Thank you very much for all the kindness I got from you during my stay. I ‘m now safely back home and ready to work as a teacher in Dongfang university. Hope everything is fine with you there.

       Now I wonder whether I could ask you a favor. When coming back, I suddenly realized that I had left my English dictionary behind at your place. It is a precious gift from my American teacher. Would you please be so kind as to send it back to me? It is up to me to pay for the postage.

       I still have a month to rest before work. It is very much appreciated that you come here for travel during this period, for I can act as your guide.

       By the way, the book may be on the bookshelf in the bedroom where I once lived. It is a red-covered one with my Chinese name on it.

       Thanks and all the best.

                                         Faithfully yours

                                         Liming

预测之三：You have got to know that your classmate, Michael, is organizing a weekend excursion for the class. And you are thinking of joining the trip. Write him a note.

1] express your interest in the excursion

2] ask for information on two details related to the excursion

3] some suggestions

Dear Michael,

       I heard you’ve got a good idea of a weekend excursion for the class. It is remarkable of you to be so devoted and considerate to our class. I definitely want to join you, especially after having been busy in my term paper for weeks.

       Marry told me that the event falls on May holiday. Have you come up with where we go and how? We have great expectation for it. But I would like to recommend Dongfang scenic spot, where we can have a picnic. By the way, should we prepare food ourselves? My suggestion is yes. Anyway, please let me know what happens as soon as possible. To better prepare, what if we get together some time this evening?

                         Faithfully Yours

                         Liming

预测之四：你的一位同学Amy在车祸中失去了右臂，你写信安慰。1表示安慰 2鼓励坚强3打算为他做什么。

Dear Amy,

      I am shocked and sorry to learn your present situation that you are so bitter after having you right arm lost in a traffic accident. Please accept my deepest sympathy.

      But I hope you can be strong. In the course of life, everybody is likely to run into difficulty. Some are defeated since, being a coward, while others see rainbows after rains and storms. You lost one arm, but you did not lose your all. I believe you can emerge from the adversity through your strong will-power. Still, you can be a useful person to the society if you stand up to face the reality.

      More important, you are not alone. Our classmates and your relatives are always out there for you. I will help you once you are in need. And I will write letters frequently and call you to give you courage.

      May you recover soon.

                                 Yours,

                                 Liming

    除此之外，建议大家把解码书上的小作文认真看看。

二、 观点对比型

这种作文是更为传统，一般提纲为 ：一些人认为---；另一些人认为---；你认为-----。例如 2006年12月23日大学英语四级考试作文1有人认为春晚应取消  2有人反对   3 你的看法

近年来这种作文在六级中很少出现，四级中出现的比例更大一点。我给大家一个框架，如果考出来的话，大家适当修改利用：

观点对比范文框架

The thought of 正面观点is becoming dominant among the majority. They hold that 这个观点的好处是A。为什么有A这个好处。(阐述清楚这一个好处，不必罗列好处之一、之二等，大约共50个字)

A few people, however, warn against this point of view. Some scholars concludes that 反面观点is not to be ignored. Form their perspective, if 反面观点is to be neglected ,  chance are that  恶劣后果B。为什么会有B这个后果（阐述清楚这一个后果，不必罗列后果之一、之二等，大约共50个字）

On the part of me, I choose （自己选择）. I personally maintain that 这个观点的好处C。为什么有好处C（依然不必罗列，写出一个阐述清楚，大约50字）

预测之五(地震后范跑跑引发的思考)：

Reaction to dangers

有人认为在危难时刻应先保全自己

有人认为在危难时刻应先救别人

你在危难时刻如何做

The thought of “saving oneself first” is becoming dominant among the majority. They hold that their own lives are also precious. It is therefore that there is no need to sacrifice one life to exchange for another. Besides, to escape for life is human instinct so that folks are not to blame for runaway before dangers that threaten their own safety as well.

A few people, however, warn against this point of view. Some scholars conclude that “contributing love to others” is not to be ignored. Form their perspective, if such behaviors as standing without helping is not be accused,  chance are that the thought of “minding your own business” is spread widely and wildly. As a result, everybody is likely to be self-centered.

 On the part of me, I will choose to help others when in danger. I hold that teamwork is stronger than individuals. If all combine efforts to deal with the adversity, then everybody can pull it through. Anyway, the society is a big family, one is not supposed to live alone.

三、哲理解释型

给出一句谚语或成语，要求你解释其现实意义。例如1997年1月CET作文题目四级作文题：

　　1. 怎样理解“熟能生巧”？ 　　2. 例如：在英语学习中...... 　　3. 又如......

　　Practice Makes Perfect

六级作文题：　　1. 为什么说“欲速则不达”      　　2. 试举例说明    　　

这种作文一般开头说明你对这句谚语的理解，最好结合现实，然后举例说明。

预测之六：(地震引发的思考)众人拾柴火焰高 1 如何理解众人拾柴火焰高 2 举例说明

All Contributing to it, the flame is high

“All Contributing to it, the flame is high” is an old proverb which almost everyone knows, but not all understand it so well. Actually, it means that there is strength in numbers. Put it simply, individual’s power and ability is too weak to perform a huge task. However, just as a number of streams converge into a vast ocean, so a team’s strength may be great enough to remove a mountain.

The saying also carries the message that cooperation and coordination are necessary, particularly in the modern society. To be sure, everybody has his own disadvantage and limited wisdom. Combining efforts can overcome this and make it possible to realize one’s own greatest potential. It is therefore that efficiency and capacity are enhanced in this manner. Thus,something can be achieved which seems otherwise impossible.

       The most notable example is Boeing plane production. A plane is composed of 10,000 parts. But almost every part is produced by different country, then assembled by American. This is impossible without coordination.

       Indeed, where there is a unity, where there is victory. 

 四、.现象影响型

这种作文一般给出一个现象，然后要求分析其影响或危害性。例如04年1月作文　Reduce Waste on Campus 　　1.有些大学校园浪费现象日益严重   　　2.浪费的危害   　　3.杜绝浪费, 从我做起 07年12月作文 Digital age 1 如今数字化产品得到越来越广泛使用，例如；2 数字化产品得使用对人的工作学习生活的影响。

这种作文的写法是现象原因型文章变体。一般第一段描述现象，描述手法可以模仿统计作文，自己想象一个图表，描述自己心中的图表，给出主题句后举例说明；第二分析其影响，第三你的看法，往往同二段观点一致。

给大家一个写作框架自己修改使用

第一部分

某些事件 spread among ever more students（或其他人）. In the year 1995, roughly one fourth of all said that they attempted to干这样的事  But in 2005, the figure jumped by 2 times. In fact, they break a record this year, reaching about 52%. It seems that the average increase rate keeps at over 3 percent every year. [参考统计数字作文描述，虽然这种作文用提纲给定一个现象，但这个现象就是主题句，其后的论据你自己编一些数据把它的规律表达出来就是描述]

第二部分

       What impact will on earth they have on everyday life?

Of the consequences, the most telling is that 后果。为什么会有这样的后果（阐述清楚一个后果即可，不必罗列不同后果，实在字数不够可以再写另一个方面的后果，可以从个人和社会两方面的后果考虑）

第三部分

如果不良现象第三部分这样写：The social disease is serious and its harm is not to be underestimated. To avoid greater threat, systematic and scientific measures are due. Meanwhile, it is everyone’s duty to----------.

如果好的社会现象第三部分这样写：There are every reason to hold that 现象will play a greater role in society. 再写为什么会起更大作用。On the part of me, I have also been influenced by 这个现象。

根据进几年各种类型作文出现的频率和年代， 我认为今年六月份最有可能的是应用文和观点对比；哲理解释多年未考，所以本次也得重视. 建议大家准备全面一点，把第四种准备一个结构以防万一。

The mismeasure of woman

Men and women think differently. But not that differently

IN THE 1970s there was a fad for giving dolls to baby boys and fire-engines to baby girls. The idea was that differences in behaviour between the sexes were solely the result of upbringing: culture turned women into ironers, knitters and chatterboxes, and men into hammerers, drillers and silent types. Switching toys would put an end to sexual sorting. Today, it is clear why it did not. When boys and girls are born, they are already different, and they favour different toys from the beginning.

That boys and girls—and men and women—are programmed by evolution to behave differently from one another is now widely accepted. Surely, no one today would think of doing what John Money, of Johns Hopkins University, did in 1967: amputating the genitalia of a boy who had suffered a botched circumcision, and advising the parents to bring him up as a girl. The experiment didn't work, and the consequences were tragic. But which of the differences between the sexes are “biological”, in the sense that they have been honed by evolution, and which are “cultural” or “environmental” and might more easily be altered by changed circumstances, is still fiercely debated.

The sensitivity of the question was shown last year by a furore at Harvard University. Larry Summers, then Harvard's president, caused a storm when he suggested that innate ability could be an important reason why there were so few women in the top positions in mathematics, engineering and the physical sciences.

Even as a proposition for discussion, this is unacceptable to some. But biological explanations of human behaviour are making a comeback as the generation of academics that feared them as a covert way of justifying eugenics, or of thwarting Marxist utopianism, is retiring. The success of neo-Darwinism has provided an intellectual underpinning for discussion about why some differences between the sexes might be innate. And new scanning techniques have enabled researchers to examine the brain's interior while it is working, showing that male and female brains do, at one level, operate differently. The results, however, do not always support past clichés about what the differences in question actually are.

Differences in behaviour between the sexes must, in some way, be reflections of systematic differences between the brains of males and females. Such differences certainly exist, but drawing inferences from them is not as easy as it may appear.

For a start, men's brains are about 9% larger than those of women. That used to be cited as evidence of men's supposedly greater intelligence. Actually, the difference is largely (and probably completely) explained by the fact that men are bigger than women. In recent years, more detailed examination has refined the picture. Female brains have a higher percentage of grey matter (the manifestation, en bloc, of the central bodies of nerve cells), and thus a lower percentage of white matter (the manifestation of the long, thin filaments that connect nerve cells together), than male brains. That, plus the fact that in some regions of the female brain, nerve cells are packed more densely than in men, means that the number of nerve cells in male and female brains may

be similar.

Oddly, though, the main connection between the two hemispheres of the brain, which is known as the corpus callosum and is made of white matter, is proportionately smaller in men than women. This may explain why men use only one side of the brain to process some problems for which women employ both sides.

These differences in structure and wiring do not appear to have any influence on intelligence as measured by IQ tests. It does, however, seem that the sexes carry out these tests in different ways. In one example, where men and women perform equally well in a test that asks them to work out whether nonsense words rhyme, brain scanning shows that women use areas on both the right and the left sides of the brain to accomplish the task. Men, by contrast, use only areas on the left side. There is also a correlation between mathematical reasoning and temporal-lobe activity in men—but none in women. More generally, men seem to rely more on their grey matter for their IQ, whereas women rely more on their white matter.

Can business be cool?

Why a growing number of firms are taking global warming seriously

RUPERT MURDOCH is no green activist. But in Pebble Beach later this summer, the annual gathering of executives of Mr Murdoch's News Corporation—which last year led to a dramatic shift in the media conglomerate's attitude to the internet—will be addressed by several leading environmentalists, including a vice-president turned climatechange movie star. Last month BSkyB, a British satellite-television company chaired by Mr Murdoch and run by his son, James, declared itself “carbon-neutral”, having taken various steps to cut or offset its discharges of carbon into the atmosphere.

The army of corporate greens is growing fast. Late last year HSBC became the first big bank to announce that it was carbon-neutral, joining other financial institutions, including Swiss Re, a reinsurer, and Goldman Sachs, an investment bank, in waging war on climate-warming gases (of which carbon dioxide is the main culprit). Last year General Electric (GE), an industrial powerhouse, launched its “Ecomagination” strategy, aiming to cut its output of greenhouse gases and to invest heavily in clean (ie, carbon-free) technologies. In October Wal-Mart announced a series of environmental schemes, including doubling the fuel-efficiency of its fleet of vehicles within a decade. Tesco and Sainsbury, two of Britain's biggest retailers, are competing fiercely to be the greenest. And on June 7th some leading British bosses lobbied Tony Blair for a more ambitious policy on climate change, even if that involves harsher regulation.

The greening of business is by no means universal, however. Money from Exxon Mobil, Ford and General Motors helped pay for television advertisements aired recently in America by the Competitive Enterprise Institute, with the daft slogan “Carbon dioxide: they call it pollution; we call it life”. Besides, environmentalist critics say, some firms are engaged in superficial “greenwash” to boost the image of essentially climate-hurting businesses. Take BP, the most prominent corporate advocate of action on climate change, with its “Beyond Petroleum” ad campaign, highprofile investments in green energy, and even a “carbon calculator” on its website that helps consumers measure their personal “carbon footprint”, or overall emissions of carbon. Yet, critics complain, BP's recent record profits are largely thanks to sales of huge amounts of carbon-packed oil and gas.

On the other hand, some free-market thinkers see the support of firms for regulation of carbon as the latest attempt at “regulatory capture”, by those who stand to profit from new rules. Max Schulz of the Manhattan Institute, a conservative think tank, notes darkly that “Enron was into pushing the idea of climate change, because it was good for its business”.

Others argue that climate change has no more place in corporate boardrooms than do discussions of other partisan political issues, such as Darfur or gay marriage. That criticism, at least, is surely wrong. Most of the corporate converts say they are acting not out of some vague sense of social responsibility, or even personal angst, but because climate change creates real business risks and opportunities—from regulatory compliance to insuring clients on flood plains. And although these concerns vary hugely from one company to the next, few firms can be sure of remaining unaffected.

　　春季考研辅导课即将结束,为数不少的同学开始"掉链子"-----准备放弃。当然学习是个苦差事，但是想想本科毕业就业的艰辛，硕士毕业之后美好未来向你招手，你绝没有放弃的理由。也许你的基础不好，但我认为你不够努力，更多的情况下是你不够坚持。

　　成功不一定很难。

　　我要给大家讲一个故事。

　　苏格拉底曾经给他的学生出过两道考题。第一道是这样的：

　　一天，他对学生说：“今天咱们只学最简单、最容易的事。请把你的手臂尽力往前甩，再往后甩。”然后自己示范了一次，“从现在开始，每天甩臂３００下，大家能做倒吗？”

　　学生可能认为这个问题幼稚，这么简单的事怎么能做不到呢？都立刻回答说“能！”

　　一个月后，苏问：　“每天甩臂，谁做到了？”　９０％的同学骄傲地举起了手。

　　两个月后，当他再问时，坚持下来的学生只有８０％。

　　一年后，苏问：　“请你们告诉我，最简单的甩臂运动，还有哪些同学坚持每天做？”这时候只有一个学生举起了手，这个学生叫柏拉图。

Dear Fellow,

      At the news of the earthquake on May.12th, I am shocked. Nowadays, whenever I close my eyes, the scene that folks in the distressed area fight against the disaster comes to my mind. It seems that I can hear the cry, scream, help-calls. I can understand how sorry you must be feeling and please accept my deepest sympathy.

      Mishap is merciless but man is merciful. Indeed, people from all walks of life are on the same boat with you to pull through the mishaps. Their hands have already offered, with some taking part in the saving action in person, others donating money, still others sacrificing their precious lives to assist you.

      Though as a student I am unable to be on the front, I will try my best to be of any assistance. I will launch a donation campaign and write letters to counterparts to encourage them to stand up. I believe if everyone contributes a bit love to it, your homeland will be a more harmonious place to live.

                                                  Best wishes to all of you

                                                   Lichangyu

Thanks to the banks

College students learn more about market rates

A GOOD education may be priceless, but in America it is far from cheap—and it is not getting any cheaper. On February 1st Congress narrowly passed the Deficit Reduction Act, which aims to slim America's bulging budget deficit by, among other things, lopping $12.7 billion off the federal student-loan programme. Interest rates on student loans will rise while subsidies fall.

Family incomes, grant aid and federal loans have all failed to keep pace with the growth in the cost of tuition. “The funding gap between what students can afford and what higher education costs has got wider and wider,” says Claire Mezzanotte of Fitch, a ratings agency. Lenders are rushing to bridge the gap with “private” student loans—loans that are free of government subsidies and guarantees.

Virtually non-existent ten years ago, private student loans in the 2004-05 school year amounted to $13.8 billion—a compound annual growth rate of almost 30%—and they are expected to double in the next three years. According to the College Board, an association of schools and colleges, private student loans now make up nearly 22% of the volume of federal student loans, up from a mere 5% in 1994-95.

The growth shows little sign of slowing. Education costs continue to climb while pressure on Congress to pare down the budget deficit means federal aid will, at best, stay at current levels. Meanwhile, the number of students attending colleges and trade schools is expected to soar as the children of post-war baby-boomers continue matriculating.

Private student loans are popular with lenders because they are profitable. Lenders charge market rates for the loans (the rates on federal student loans are capped) before adding up-front fees, which can themselves be around 6-7% of the loan. Sallie Mae, a student-loan company and by far the biggest dispenser of private student loans, disclosed in its most recent report that the average spread on its private student lending was 4.75%, more than three times the 1.31% it made on its federally backed loans.

All of this is good news when lenders are hungry for new areas of growth in the face of a cooling mortgage market. Private student loans, says Matthew Snowling of Friedman, Billings, Ramsey, an investment bank, are probably “the fastest-growing segment of consumer finance—and by far the most profitable one—at a time when finding asset growth is challenging.” Last December J.P. Morgan, which already had a sizeable education-finance unit, snapped up Collegiate Funding Services, a Virginia-based provider of federal and private student loans. Companies from Bank of America to GMAC, the financing arm of General Motors, have jumped in. Other consumer-finance companies, such as Capital One, are whispered to be eyeing the market.

Pass the parcel

Online shoppers give parcels firms a new lease of life

THINGS must be going well in the parcels business. At $2.5m for a 30-second TV commercial during last weekend's Super Bowl, an ad from FedEx was the one many Americans found the most entertaining. It showed a caveman trying to use a pterodactyl for an express delivery, only to watch it be gobbled up on take-off by a tyrannosaur. What did the world do before FedEx, the ad inquired? It might have asked what on earth FedEx did before the arrival of online retailers, which would themselves be sunk without today's fast and efficient delivery firms.

Consumers and companies continue to flock in droves to the internet to buy and sell things. FedEx reported its busiest period ever last December, when it handled almost 9m packages in a single day. Online retailers also set new records in America. Excluding travel, some $82 billion was spent last year buying things over the internet, 24% more than in 2004, according to comScore Networks, which tracks consumer behaviour. Online sales of clothing, computer software, toys, and home and garden products were all up by more than 30%. And most of this stuff was either posted or delivered by parcel companies.

The boom is global, especially now that more companies are outsourcing production. It is becoming increasingly common for products to be delivered direct from factory to consumer. In one evening just before Christmas, a record 225,000 international express packages were handled by UPS at a giant new air-cargo hub, opened by the American logistics firm at Cologne airport in Germany. “The internet has had a profound effect on our business,” says David Abney, UPS's international president. UPS now handles more than 14m packages worldwide every day.

It is striking that postal firms—once seen as obsolete because of the emergence of the internet—are now finding salvation from it. People are paying more bills online and sending more e-mails instead of letters, but most post offices are making up for that thanks to e-commerce. After four years of profits, the United States Postal Service has cleared its $11 billion of debt.

Firms such as Amazon and eBay have even helped make Britain's Royal Mail profitable. It needs to be: on January 1st, the Royal Mail lost its 350-year-old monopoly on carrying letters. It will face growing competition from rivals, such as Germany's Deutsche Post, which has expanded vigorously after partial privatisation and now owns DHL, another big international delivery company.

Both post offices and express-delivery firms have developed a range of services to help ecommerce and eBay's traders—who listed a colossal 1.9 billion items for sale last year. Among the most popular services are tracking numbers, which allow people to follow the progress of their deliveries on the internet.

 最近总有同学希望看一些杂志做泛读,所以从今往后我会定期选一些<THE ECONOMIST>上的文章共享

A question of standards

More suggestions of bad behaviour by tobacco companies. Maybe

ANOTHER round has just been fought in the battle between tobacco companies and those who regard them as spawn of the devil. In a paper just published in the Lancet, with the provocative title “Secret science: tobacco industry research on smoking behaviour and cigarette toxicity”, David Hammond, of Waterloo University in Canada and Neil Collishaw and Cynthia Callard, two members of Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada, a lobby group, criticise the behaviour of British American Tobacco (BAT). They say the firm considered manipulating some of its products in order to make them low-tar in the eyes of officialdom while they actually delivered high tar and nicotine levels to smokers.

It was and is no secret, as BAT points out, that people smoke low-tar cigarettes differently from high-tar ones. The reason is that they want a decent dose of the nicotine which tobacco smoke contains. They therefore pull a larger volume of air through the cigarette when they draw on a low-tar rather than a high-tar variety. The extra volume makes up for the lower concentration of the drug.

But a burning cigarette is a complex thing, and that extra volume has some unexpected consequences. In particular, a bigger draw is generally a faster draw. That pulls a higher proportion of the air inhaled through the burning tobacco, rather than through the paper sides of the cigarette. This, in turn, means more smoke per unit volume, and thus more tar and nicotine. The nature of the nicotine may change, too, with more of it being in a form that is easy for the body to absorb.

According to Dr Hammond and his colleagues, a series of studies conducted by BAT's researchers between 1972 and 1994 quantified much of this. The standardised way of analysing cigarette smoke, as laid down by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), which regulates everything from computer code to greenhouse gases, uses a machine to make 35-millilitre puffs, drawn for two seconds once a minute. The firm's researchers, by contrast, found that real smokers draw 50-70ml per puff, and do so twice a minute. Dr Hammonds's conclusion is drawn from the huge body of documents disgorged by the tobacco industry as part of various legal settlements that have taken place in the past few years, mainly as a result of disputes with the authorities inthe United States.

Dr Hammond suggests, however, the firm went beyond merely investigating how people smoked. A series of internal documents from the late 1970s and early 1980s shows that BAT at least thought about applying this knowledge to cigarette design. A research report from 1979 puts it thus: “There are three major design features which can be used either individually or in combination to manipulate delivery levels; filtration, paper permeability, and filter-tip ventilation.” A conference paper from 1983 says, “The challenge would be to reduce the mainstream nicotine determined by standard smoking-machine measurement while increasing the amount that would actually be absorbed by the smoker”. Another conference paper, from 1984, says: “We should strive to achieve this effect without appearing to have a cigarette that cheats the league table. Ideally it should appear to be no different from a normal cigarette...It should also be capable of delivering up to 100% more than its machine delivery.”

参考范文

goog morning,

I am-----. I am 24 this year. I come from 地方. My college is_______. My major is______. I really hope to be a postgraduate here.

家庭: My parents are farmers. They work hard to support my college life. I also have a sister. She is working now in TY. Her job is satisfactory. And she is also a good girl. She gives part of her wages to my parents. She love my family. I will do so after my graduation.

家乡 My hometown is Yinxian. It is a small city in Shanxi. There is no much industry there. People there live on farming. They are not rich,but they are honest kind. The environment  better than city.

学校 My university is the best in SX. It is one 211 project college. There are about 20000students. Histroy is its best subject. The campus is beautiful. Life there is harmouniou. I have 6 roommates,. We all have good relation. We often play football together. Sometimes, we play Poker.

为什么考研

It is difficul to get a satisfactory job now. I think I need more knowledge to have a brighter future.

为什么考这个学校

One of my classmate graduated from this university. He said academic atmosphere is strong her and teachers are all responsible. You also fair to all studentts. I believe you will enroll me by my scores.

打算

I plan to finish graduate smoothly then I hope to be a teacher in university., because my personality is suitalbe to do research job.

从今天开始山西各高校的分数陆续已出,听到你们的好消息我非常兴奋。请大家把分数和学习心得记录在此，以勉励来者。但喜也好，忧也好，我始终在你左右。

同时，考得较差的同学不要灰心，今年整体分数其实不高，根据全国情况来讲，国家线要比去年低３分多。

1The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. （41）_____.

1 削铅笔、铺桌子、安排好了除写作以外的事情。只要你干必要的使，坐下、站者或躺着写，初稿就出现在也页面上了。

2 Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. （42）_________.Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.

2 要灵活。你的提纲应该顺利地把你从一个观点引导到另一观点，但不能草率行事。如果你想到一个相关的重要观点，想法加入你的草稿。42_________。语法、标点、拼写修改是再说。聚焦到你要说的。好的作品常常出现在你积极思索一个观点的过程而不是小心翼翼找错误的过程。

3 （43）_________.Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.

3 43_______.用那样的方式容易了解你的内容，且如果你必须剪掉一段放在其它地方，在另一面，你什么也不会丢失。

4 If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraph by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.（44）_________.These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revision.

4 如果你使用文字处理器，你只须要简单的键盘命令，你就可以利用其内存增、删或移动整个段落。有些软件程序可以检查作品中的拼写和某些语法错误。44____.修改时，打印件比屏幕上的文字易读。

5 Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that in unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote： The A &P as a State of Mind wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. （45）___________.

5 如果你有了第一稿，你可以删除与你主题不符的材料，也可增加必要的材料使你的观点更可信。一个须生写题为The A &P as a State of Mind的文章，他很明智地把质疑Sammy对妇女是否有大男子主义的段落删除掉了。

6 Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times---and then again--- working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.

6 不要忘记，你的初稿仅只而已。你应该反复多次浏览初稿，争取补充和讲情楚你的观点。你也许会最后有几个完全不同的版本。重写。每一段话中的句子都应与唯一主题有关。段落之间应有过度，这样就不会唐突或混乱。不妥或冗余的解释或不准确的句子、段落应毫不留情地把它整理好。

[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.

[A] 为了便于修改，在行与行之间额外留出空间，这样你就容易加字句及关联内容。只在页面的单面写作。

[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It's probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.

[B]清楚合理地写好文章后，特别注意引言和结尾段。也许在最后再写引言段最好，因为你准确地知道你要介绍什么。结尾段同样需要关注，因为它给读者留最后的印象。。

[C] It's worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.

[C]然而，不能忘记的是，尽管打印机打出来的看上去漂亮，但只有它既表达了文字又表达了思想才行。许多作者把他们的资料小心地保存在磁盘中，每完成一次初稿都打印出来，目的是避免因停电或其它问题造成丢失。

[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.

[D] 只要你动笔，你如何写没关系。既然你把一话题尝试变成一个主题，你可以整理笔记，可以开始完善你制定的提纲。

[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy's decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P “policy” he enforces.

[E] 尽管这个问题很有意思，但它同主题没关系。主题解释环境如何影响Sammy辞职的决定。她没有把那一段加上，而是加了另一段。这一段描述了Lengel对女孩子的回答尖酸刻薄，这样她就把话题引向了他强调的A&P政策。

[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in A&P, the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel's store policies.

[F ]在有关A&P环境的重要性一段中，这个学生用他拒绝接受Lengel的经营策略总结了Sammy辞职的理由。

[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don't use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.

[G] 通过使用初稿作为思考你要写什么的手段，你很可能会发现更多笔记中以前所没有的东西。很多优秀的作者根本不使用提纲，但写作中发现了顺序原则。不要试图一下字就写出一篇完美的初稿来。

题目分析

41 D正确。该题是个相对难的题。采取隐性相连。空格前的内容and sit, stand up, or lie down to write.同D项how you write, just so you do.内容相近。

42 G正确。该题难度比41题低一点，但依然是以隐性相连为主，辅助以显性相连。空格前work it into the draft.（写入初稿），空格后until you revise.（修改）；G项开头By using the first draft as a means of thinking（通过使用初稿作为思考）末尾 Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.（不要试图一下字就写出一篇完美的初稿来）正好与题干构成首尾呼应。

43 A正确。该题难度不大，属显性相连。题干中writing on the other side. 同A项中Write on only one side of the paper.形成明显相连特征。

44 C正确。该题难度适中。基本为显性相连。题干中.These printouts同C项中copy fresh off a printer may look terrific构成相连。

45 E 正确。该题简单，属县性相连。题干The A &P as a State of Mind wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.同E 项Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy's decision to quit his job.构成首尾呼应。